General

A headboard for a room is one of the main decorations of the latter and which defines a theme. Therefore, it must be consistent with the curtains, wall decorations serve to give a vision that appeals primarily to the tenant. There are several possible choices for the composition of this elementIndeed, it can be padded or quilted or made of wood or cloth, but the aim is that with a wide range of styles everyone will find its criteria in this area. There is also a real trend in the clothing inside a room, the headboard is one of its main strengths. So it adds a touch of personality to the space but also allows more than the beauty of bed. However, it is also convenient because its main function is to protect the wall succinct positioning pillows.

There are models that can be inspired to get a unique headboard and meets the needs and wishes of the owner. The first choice is in a room attached to the body of the bed or one who is detached. After that, you can opt for different models like the rustic wood which is cut before mounting the stage and the post before moving on to the assembly at allFor penny, to bring the tools like the hammer, screws, wood glue, etc. are essential. Subsequently, there must be flat and glue the boards according to the thickness before making a final determination with a cleat.

Existing models

There are many styles of forms of headboard that can answer all atmospheres that are desired in a room. There are models including classical and romantic, the type and design trend, the Zen styles and spirits, the young teen and exotic. The different building materials can have a choice contributing to enhance the room decor and the personality of the tenant or owner.

Can be categorized into three types of headboard. On the one hand, there are particular those fun. These are the most simple, practical and accessible, and where color and freedom are the watchwords of the decoration. There is also a trendy style with stickers. Different models of stickers of nature to urban planning are the choices for an element that takes place in the overall design. On the other hand, the romantic style based tableau delight the souls most sensitive. For one, there are two ways, one to an original or to the reconstruction of that.

Regulation on the prevention of fire

The device of fight against the fire was first adopted in order to preserve the lives of people who use it either as part of the work or to make a home. The next objective is to protect real and personal property that can be very expensive. To achieve a successful outcome, the texts for the prevention of this phenomenon have established a set of obligations which generally aims to facilitate interventions to prevent further disaster. This is why it is necessary that all the elements to be used at points such as fire extinguishers, fire hose etc. These materials require competent and informed of the need to provide training to personnel of the building so that it takes knowledge of the right moves to adopt.

These regulations apply in the design of future buildings in the internal arrangements, but also aims at establishing a standard in technical installations such as electricity or gas and must have an emergency exit. For optimum efficiency, it takes into account the nature of the activity and number of resources present in the building and its method of construction.

Obligation and device control

To ensure that building construction professionals meet the standards imposed, a state agency is responsible for an audit. This includes monitoring compliance with building regulations.

In addition to its audit, it is also required to enforce the legislation on the field especially in the context of new provisions. For the latter, he is responsible for explaining to enable understanding and thus the implementationIn all of these audits, we will examine the risks that could cause loss of human life, the isolation of circuits of power structures and the risk of poisoning due to poor ventilation. There are also devices that must be integrated to facilitate the movement of disabled persons. These professionals, in addition to verifying the implementation of legislation on fire prevention are also required to ensure all the features of construction as the acoustic.

To fight against this phenomenon, different tools are available to builders and tenants. The extinction by gases such as carbon dioxide system is a means commonly used and effective. And for the prevention of such a phenomenon, there is the device based on sodium silicateIn addition, it is possible to use new technology such as SSI or fire safety system where there are different detectors and manual fire extinguishing devices and autonomous. There are also circuits of verification techniques, emergency lighting etc. Training is also proposed in this framework.

Paint the iron and its importance

To increase the life of the iron in the home, it must be protected from rust, which is the primary source of damage such as swelling or cracking. The painting of this material is preceded including the cleaning of it. Cleaning is an important step and depending on the state of it, use appropriate materials.

Pickling is the first process to be followed if the material is colorful and for this it is possible to use an abrasive paper if the iron is in good condition. Use a rust remover chemical is necessary if he is suffering from rustIt must be completely removed prior to painting because it does not allow optimal protection.

For maximum protection, you should use the minium, an undercoat that insulates the metal from the ambient air and its moisture and therefore does not allow rust to settle. In general, miniums have an orange, gray, white or colorless. And nature of this product, there are currently that are also inhibitors for the effect of color and optimum protectionMoreover, you should use natural lacquer paints instead of that dull matte metallic luster. With the first, the result will be brighter with a fine color and fluid.

The types of paint suited to this material

There are paintings of aerosol type but in general, the choice must be made according to the use of ferrous material. There are specially adapted to be used on high-temperature iron and old metal radiators, components of the heaters or the fireplace plates. There are others such as alkyd rust for use directly on the material and increased protection against rust and highlights the shiny metal surfaces. These products must be able to extend their life by protecting them from attacks

For those of ferrous objects outdoors, you must opt ​​for special types. These will provide the construction ferric a maximum lifetime by effectively protecting against rust is one of the greatest evils that can strike the metal. To do this, there is a step in a nine iron material. This is to make the degreasing using acetone-based cleaner. The thin film of grease does not allow the paint to adhere. After completing work on the application of the latter, it should be cleaning tools that were used and for this there is the white spirit.

The different types of products for the treatment of wood

It is possible to categorize the wood treatment products in two ways. The first is to consider the composition. For this system, there are three types: those based on synthetic organic chemicals that are commonly used but wrongly. Those whose base consists of soluble salts in the water, there is such silico-fluoride and chromium salts. This category is very toxic but there are some that are less harmful, such as those containing boron salts. There are also those that are said that are oil and natural resinIt presents no health risk and offers a high protection.

The second categorization system is done according to the nature of its useIn this sense, there are two types. First, there are those that are specifically designed for the wood surface including varnishes, stains, lacquer or wax. Their main action is to protect the material external factors such as humidity, UV rays but also the dirt to keep the best place decorative. On the other hand, those involved in wood preservation are intended to protect trace elements such as fungi and wood-boring insects. To do this, this category must have at least one pesticide.

Components and use of treatment products for wood

There are several elements that are components of it and this can vary depending on the choice of each. There are three components that are important solvents and whose sole purpose is to allow the penetration of active agents within the body of the timber and then evaporate. Resins that are used as fixer between this material and active. The latter will repel biological attack against the material. Currently, there are organic products that are made from natural oils like oil of MargosaIn addition to these protective elements, there may also be fireproof or fire retardant.

For best results, we must make the right choice depending on the wood and its stateIn addition, it is also necessary to avoid harmful interactions by selecting only the products of the same brandIn order to achieve proper maintenance and follow the instructions as noted for its use, it is necessary that they are adequate for the type of material purchased. It should also be updated fairly regularly with professionals to be aware of innovations in this area.

The factors that cause poor adhesion

Several factors may be causing the poor adhesion and thus the peeling paint. Can be distinguished as the origin, that which comes from the binder and another from the state of the metal itself. For better grip, it should be cleaning the surface to be painted especially for rust because it is one of the main factors that promote the detachmentIn addition to rust, all traces of existing paint must also be removed to allow immediate contact between the new paint and body of steel. And depending on the nature of the latter, it is a primary or not toFor example, if it is emulsion or glycerol, it requires.

For optimum application of paint, a surface preparation must be made and this is reflected in two ways, mechanical and chemical. For the physical cleaning must be equipped with a sandpaper replacement of aluminum silicate and magnesium or size with a layer of zinc less than 10 μ. With the abrasive must be a sweeping motion obliqueIn this stage of physical cleaning, do not violate the metal as for descaling of steel as this can lead to destruction of the galvanized coating. Chemical cleaning is mainly a reflection degreasing can be done with a dilute alkaline solution of ammonia, which will be refined by rinsing.

The model to choose

The choice of the nature of painting defines the mode of application suitable for useIndeed, there is the primary reagent can be done through a gun for a thin layer. This is adequate for sub-layers as they should be covered with special paint and whose nature is compatible with zinc coating. There are also alkyd and glycerophtalic that are commonly used in a conventional manner. Their peculiarity is that the drying is by oxidation followed by formation of fatty acids with the reaction with zinc affects the adhesion. The family of such products is to avoid.

Other models can also be applied as part of a galvanized metal. These include mono-components that can be based binder consisting essentially of polyvinyl chloride or PVC commonly. PVC compounds, acrylic or vinyl are applicable after the degreasing of a galvanized steel.

In addition, there is the type of paint that is two-component epoxy resin based on polyurethane and works well on galvanized steel. But this requires a condition, that make cleaning mechanical scanning angle. Thus, the selection of all these products requires the fact to take into account their effectiveness, their life and their mode of application.

Suffered a decline in tax subsidies to housing and a rise in interest rates, the amount of loans granted to the French, after a slight decline in 2011, is expected to fall sharply in 2012.

The amount of the mortgage loan from banks amounted to about 160 billion euros in 2011, a slight decrease of almost 5% compared to 2010 (168 billion), according to a study by the Housing Credit / CSA published Thursday.

The year 2012 is expected to "sharp drop" around 130 billion euros, a dip of nearly 20%, according to Michel Mouillart, professor of economics at the University of Paris West and author of the study.

Three main causes are the cause of this sudden drop "lower borrower demand, removal of interest-free loan (PTZ) for purchases of existing homes and sharp decline in fiscalScellier advantage for investors acquiring new homes pourleslouer "said M. Mouillart.

If the prediction of MMouillart proved correct, the total loans granted in 2012 would fall below the 2008 level (140 billion), year of start of the crisis following the discovery of the case of U.S. home loans at risk (" subprime ") and bring back at 2004.

This new trend reversal occur after an explosion of these funds since the beginning of the century which contributed to the good performance of the property market in France: 70.8 billion in 2001, 87.3 in 2003, 143.7 in 2005 and the high of 170.2 Billion in 2007.

Just under a third of French households repaying mortgage, the rate edged up from 30.5% in 2010 to 31% according to a study by the household credit issued on January 19.

But households are now showing very careful with expectations of demand for new loans (including consumer) for 2012 to the lowest, according to this study.

The credits are distributed to 29% for the nine sector, 62.8% for the market of the former and 8.2% for the renovation. Rates should rise interest rates which continue to rise and conditions for the banks that have tightened, should play a role in this lower appetite for credit.

In December 2011, interest rate loans have averaged 3.94% against 3.86% in November, a jump of nearly 70 basis points compared to the lowest level since 1945 (3, 25% on average depending on the final figure) reached in November 2010, according to Housing Credit.

Only 47.2% of loans to the fourth quarter (and 43.2% endécembre) were below the "psychological barrier" of 4%.

"The need (for banks) to margin on new loans, the scarcity of resources available on the markets and the gradual rise in the cost of resources maintain the upward pressure on rates that should be accompanied by a further decline average durations "loans, says the study by the finance markets redidentials.

Consequences "should the average and up to 4.25% by next summer" and borrowers are becoming more affluent households who benefit from a greater contribution Personal "at the expense of younger customers ".

By Christian CHARCOSSEY

Technical standards before the resolutions of the 2000s

The French government has implemented the thermal regulation in 1974 following the oil shock of the previous year. This process was adopted to reduce the bill on energy consumption in the short term because of soaring oil prices. However, this was only an emergency measure, it was necessary to adapt it for a long-term application is possible and for maximum efficiency. The first legislation of 1974 focused on the factors of heat loss of new constructionIt aimed to reduce by 25% energy consumption compared to the standards set in the 1950s. To this end, he insists on the insulators of the living space from the outside world as the walls and roof but also the renewal of the air. And to have a clear idea, it has established a factor, the heat transfer coefficient K.

In all, the thermal regulation had three revisions after its adoption in 1974 before the year 2000. The first revision was made in the year 1977 during which the calculation of heat transfer coefficient K has been refined. The other two were held in 1982 and 1988, and since the last year that the heating equipment were also taken into account and were the subject of legislation.

The purpose of this regulation

The regulations aim to reduce thermal energy consumption of each household by highlighting the improvements available. In addition to the coefficient K, there was also the coefficient G which reported the loss of heat-related air change. This parameter is expressed in watts per cubic meter for a variation of a degree Kelvin, taking into account the internal and external temperature of the house. The cause of the adoption of this measure was the first oil shock and in the second, this was an increase favor increased energy economy. For each renewal it revolves around a 20% improvement.

In 2000, a new regulation was developed to be implemented in 2001. The innovation is that it is no longer the new individual buildings that are affected by the law but also the existing buildings and residences tertiary. The standard today is under the RT 2005 but will be replaced in early 2013 by the RT 2012 in preparationThe latter was established at the Grenelle Environment Forum was planned for 2010 but was delayedHowever, it is already implemented in respect of tertiary structures and those built in areas ANRU.

In France, the market for real estate does not know the crisis thanks to foreign investors, in contrast to 1981, do not fear a change of political majority after the presidential election.

"For that invests abroad, France is an island of securityThere is no great fear of 'the hammer and sickle'. There is no big night of luxury real estate, "says Charles-Marie Jottras, chairman of specialist Daniel Féau.

Same feeling for Sylvain Bouchut, Commercial Director France, "the closeness of the presidential election does not affect the marketIn Eastern Europe, the rich are more afraid of the political situation at home than at home ".

"In addition to East Europeans, it's easier to get money out of their countries to invest in real estate through deeds issued by notary, as in other sectors" ,  he says.

Daniel Féau "currently experiencing a large influx of customers from Russia and the Middle East because of the geopolitical context of these regions," comments MJottras However in 2012, which provides a stabilization of prices, which have soared over the last two years.

Marie-Helene Lundgreen, director of Beautiful Homes of France, a subsidiary of Daniel Féau, stresses that "even the Americans are back in France".

"The super-rich clients is alive and well", is delighted Thibault de Saint Vincent, president of the Barnes Agency, which reports that half its customers over the past three months came from South America, including Brazil.

An Indonesian businessman, specializing in oil and gold, wants to invest 30 million euros in Paris, gives as an example MSt. Vincent. Which would be more than 20 million recently paid by a Russian billionaire for a house, sold through Daniel Féau, which were filmed scenes of the movie Da Vinci Code.

This coveted customer diversification is reflected in the consultations on the website of Daniel Féau where the Chinese and Indians are making their appearance in the "Top 2O" nationalities, according to Nicolas Pettex-Muffat, Director General, who said ausssi the recent interest of the Syrians.

Also boosted by sales of French people who wanted to escape the lengthening of the period of ownership of second homes (15 to 30 years) to avoid taxation on capital gains, Daniel Féau sprayed en2011 sales volume (1.256 billion), an increase of 23% compared to 2010.

The health sector of envyAfter the arrival in France of the American Coldwell Banker is John Taylor, founded in 1863 and now owned by the family of Monaco Pastor, who has decided to continue its expansion by opening an office in the 10th Megève before implementing a second agency in the capital, on the left bank.

"The Emperor of luxury" Bernard Arnault even be interested in the sector.

But Charles-Marie Jottras, Daniel Féau majority shareholder, has denied rumors of negotiations with LVMH saying it "did not intend to sell".

By Christian CHARCOSSEY

The purpose of the thermal regulation

On French territory, the law that deals with thermal standards is to establish a maximum limit on the energy consumption for new buildings and renovated buildings. Several issues are addressed by this law as the most important factors on energy consumption. There is obviously heating including air conditioning and ventilation but heating the tap water for household needs. Lighting is also a prerequisite to all homes. This law was implemented in 1974 to impose a maximum energy consumption for all work on the property which required a building permit. 

All features that address heat loss are affected, namely the ceiling is the most important in terms of energy dispersion of a construction. The walls that isolate the external environment are in second place and the floor that isolates the living space of a soil are different criteria to take into account in this context. To view the consumption of a building, a calculation method has been developed with respect to the surfaceA reference is made to each type of construction to compare expenditures to be lower. This reference value is calculated from several factors such as the main use of the building, the use of lighting, air conditioning. This is done based on meteorological data also. 

What you should know about the law in force

Currently, the RT2005 applies from 1 September 2006 and affects all construction work requiring the granting of planning permissionIt was introduced in order to meet the standards cited in the European Directive established December 16, 2002It covers the energy consumption of new buildings and existing. The French community is by this means a reduction by 4 emission rate of CO gas in the property sector which is an important part. This objective is planned for year 2050.

To achieve the intended purpose on that date, the law provides an improvement of about 15% of energy expenditure and that every 5 years to achieve by 2020 an effective reduction of 40%. To strengthen this objective, the community will adopt a new regulation, RT 2012, effective at the beginning of 2013. She will report on several issues such as orientation, renewable energy but also insulation and glazed spaces. All this is always done in order to limit the minimum energy consumption and reduce the emission of CO, which harms the environment. The fight against this harmful gas is part of one of the major concerns of politicians in the world.

The need for installation

Before proceeding with the installation of the window, make sure to have the tools and follow the steps. Indeed, the materials are required to carry out its work, there is the crowbar that can serve as a lever and chisel, which is a metal tool. The mass which gives a better more effective strikes and the mini-hacksaw will be used for work adjustment. The masonry cement, and expanding foam plugs to seal and stability of the window and the drill are very convenient especially if it is a drill driver. It is also important to have a spirit level to work and one which is always useful cutteur.

The placement of a window is also a result of some preliminary steps. But first we must define the model to install because there are many to be the type leaf fixed structures to external or internal opening, the doors or tilt and swivel rocker not to mention the sliding window or skylight model. The type is the sole responsibility of the owner according to his needs and wishes. Once the model is defined, it should do the following: to the measurement of the opening for the manufacture of a suitable window in the space provided for it. Subsequently, there is the stage of acquisition of the window and the preparation of masonry, and only after that is the actual installation and finishing that completes the installation.

The steps of the installation

Before performing any task, you must first make the measurement for both the length for the height. This is a crucial step because it is these measures that will depend on the frame size that will support the window and then opening. After this step, it is possible to proceed with the installation of the frame after performing the steps. These include the introduction of wall anchors along a 60 cm spacing between each exposure and land use table must always be followed by a verification. For quality work, it must be very perpendicular and otherwise, it will hold the position of catching up.

Once these preparations made, it is possible to proceed to the installation of the window or door. To do this, proceed from the outside while placing the wall anchorsIt should be kept in place by pegs to cover the legs by the cement. Once the shell is complete, you can proceed to finish. This last step results in the placement of the finish coat for sealing.